A system for identifying anomalies in an information system is typically configured for: collecting information regarding a hierarchy of capabilities, a hierarchy of resources, capability instances, and resource instances of the information system; storing, in a graph database, nodes corresponding to the hierarchy of capabilities, hierarchy of resources, capability instances, and resource instances; collecting information regarding relationships among the hierarchy of capabilities, hierarchy of resources, capability instances, and resource instances; defining, in the graph database, edges corresponding to the relationships among the hierarchy of capabilities, hierarchy of resources, capability instances, and resource instances; collecting event and/or state data for the information system; comparing the event and/or state data to the graph database and determining that an event and/or state is anomalous; and, in response to determining that the event and/or state is anomalous, taking an information security action.