A melt differential electrospinning device and process, the melt differential electrospinning device comprising a spinning nozzle (1), a fiber receiving device (3), a first high-voltage electrostatic generator (6), a second high-voltage electrostatic generator (7), a grounding electrode (5), and n layers of electrode plates of a first electrode plate (2) and a second electrode plate (4), n being an integer greater than or equal to 2; the spinning nozzle comprises a splitter plate (21), a nut (22), a spring spacer (23), an air pipe positioning pin (24), a screw (25), a nozzle body positioning pin (26), a nozzle body (27), an air pipe (28), a heating device (29), a temperature sensor (210) and an inner cone nozzle (211). The melt differential electrospinning process employs the melt differential electrospinning device, such that the polymer melt, under the effect of a wind field and an electric field, is uniformly distributed into a circle of dozens of Taylor cones along the conical surface end, and is further formed into dozens of jet flows and refined into nanofibers; and a plurality of melt differential electrospinning nozzles are installed below the splitter plate, thus realizing large-scale production of nanofibers, with a simple structure, and easy machining and assembly of components.