Solid state transducer (“SST”) assemblies with remote converter material and improved light extraction efficiency and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an SST assembly has a front side from which emissions exit the SST assembly and a back side opposite the front side. The SST assembly can include a support substrate having a forward-facing surface directed generally toward the front side of the SST assembly and an SST structure carried by the support substrate. The SST structure can be configured to generate SST emissions. The SST assembly can further include a converter material spaced apart from the SST structure. The forward-facing surface and the converter material can be configured such that at least a portion of the SST emissions that exit the SST assembly at the front side do not pass completely through the converter material.