Solid state transducers with state detection, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A solid state transducer system in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a support substrate and a solid state emitter carried by the support substrate. The solid state emitter can include a first semiconductor component, a second semiconductor component, and an active region between the first and second semiconductor components. The system can further include a state device carried by the support substrate and positioned to detect a state of the solid state emitter and/or an electrical path of which the solid state emitter forms a part. The state device can be formed from at least one state-sensing component having a composition different than that of the first semiconductor component, the second semiconductor component, and the active region. The state device and the solid state emitter can be stacked along a common axis. In further particular embodiments, the state-sensing component can include an electrostatic discharge protection device, a thermal sensor, or a photosensor.