The present invention relates to a polypeptide capable of binding specifically to the extracellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor, a polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide, an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide, a recombinant microorganism having the expression vector introduced therein, and a method of producing the polypeptide using the recombinant microorganism. The polypeptide according to the present invention can bind to the extracellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor with a high binding affinity comparable to those of existing monoclonal antibodies that are widely used as targeted therapeutic agents, thereby inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The polypeptide is useful for the development of agents for the prevention or diseases associated with overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor.