Apparatuses and methods of manufacturing same, systems, and methods for object detection using a region-based deep learning model are described. In one aspect, a method is provided, in which a region proposal network (RPN) is used to identify regions of interest (RoI) in an image by assigning a confidence levels, the assigned confidence levels of the RoIs are used to boost the background score assigned by the downstream classifier to each RoI, and the background scores are used in a softmax function to calculate the final class probabilities for each object class.