Techniques are described for managing creation and/or implementation of compliance-based procedures and policies for computing environments executing software programs using computing resources. In at least some situations, the described techniques include performing one or more defined compliance tests on a target computing environment by employing user-defined and/or predefined compliance profiles to test one or more computing resources in the target computing environment. Profiles typically include one or more user-defined or predefined controls that each includes one or more compliance tests, which in turn utilize one or more user-defined or predefined testing-implementation modules to execute the tests. Profiles can introduce dependencies so that one profile can access and utilize the controls or testing-implementation modules in other profiles. A user can dynamically execute a profile, and/or profiles can be scheduled for execution (e.g., so that multiple target computing environments can be tested simultaneously or at different times).