A computer system receives an authentication request from a user device and determines a determined device identification from a set of received device attributes. When the device is properly authenticated, the computer system generates an authentication token that is signed by the determined device identification and returns the authentication token to the user device. When the computer system subsequently receives a service request with an authentication token and a plurality of device attributes for a protected resource from a user device, the computer system determines a derived device identification from some or all of the received device attributes. When a signed device identification of the authentication token and the derived device identification are equal, the apparatus continues processing the service request. Otherwise, the service request is rejected.