Methods of refining the grain size of titanium and titanium alloys include multiple upset and draw forging. Titanium and titanium alloy workpieces are heated to a workpiece forging temperature within a workpiece forging temperature range in the alpha+beta phase field. The workpiece may comprise a starting cross-sectional dimension. The workpiece is upset forged in the workpiece forging temperature range. After upsetting, the workpiece is multiple pass draw forged in the workpiece forging temperature range. Multiple pass draw forging may comprise incrementally rotating the workpiece in a rotational direction followed by draw forging the workpiece after each incremental rotation. Incrementally rotating and draw forging the workpiece is repeated until the workpiece comprises substantially the same starting cross-sectional dimension.