An electronic device may include a printed circuit board having a physically unclonable function (PUF) source. The electronic device may also include an integrated circuit (IC) chip positioned on the printed circuit board, and the first PUF source may be embedded in or formed on the printed circuit board external to the IC chip. The IC chip has processing circuitry that is configured to determine PUF data based on the PUF source. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine a cryptographic key or authentication token based on the PUF data and to perform at least one secure operation using the cryptographic key or authentication token.