There is provided methods of manufacturing a superconductor element and a method of manufacturing a phononic element. The method of manufacturing a superconductor element comprises the step of forming a periodic patterned structure in a material to alter an electronic structure in a primary layer (M) of the material to couple with the or each phonon of the primary layer (M) so as to induce superconductivity in the primary layer (M) or modify the superconductivity of the primary layer, and/or create or alter one or more phonons in a primary layer (M) of the material to couple with the electrons of the primary layer (M) so as to induce superconductivity in the primary layer (M) or modify the superconductivity of the primary layer. The method of manufacturing a phononic element comprises the steps of: providing one of a primary layer (M) and a secondary layer (M2) of a material on the other of the primary layer (M) and secondary layer (M2) of the material; and forming a periodic patterned structure in the secondary layer (M2) to create or alter one or more phonons in the primary layer (M).