The present invention discloses a display gray scale curve correction system and method for molybdenum target mammography, comprising: a key module, an ARM module, an upper computer, an FPGA module connected with the outputs of the ARM module and the upper computer, and a display panel connected with the output of the FPGA module, wherein the upper computer firstly captures the currently displayed mammography, then analyzes the image features, calculates the optimized gray scale correction curve, and the ARM module writes the gray scale correction curve into the FPGA module through a serial communication protocol; the FPGA module performs grayscale mapping twice for pixel values of the input image, and enhances the display of the mammography image. Compared with the standard DICOM calibration curve, the features of the mammography X-ray image are included in the scope of the optimization, which can highlight the possible parts of the lesion. Furthermore, the present invention is convenient to operate and does not occupy the upper computer resources to ensure smooth operation.