Cable connection assemblies for marine propulsion, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative connection assembly includes a multi-conductor cable having two high voltage power conductor lines, two low voltage power conductor lines, two interlock lines, and two signal lines. The assembly further includes a connector having a connector body carrying connection elements corresponding to each of the conductor lines, interlock lines, and signal lines. In further representative embodiments, one or more of the connection elements can be housed in corresponding insulating bodies. In still further representative embodiments, the assembly can be configured so that the high voltage lines are the first to mate, and the last to un-mate, which, together with the interlock loop, can reduce or eliminate the likelihood for high voltage arcing.