An apparatus in one embodiment comprises at least one processing device having a processor coupled to a memory. The one or more processing devices are operative to configure a plurality of distributed processing nodes to communicate over a network, to obtain metadata characterizing data locally accessible in respective data zones of respective ones of the distributed processing nodes, and to populate catalog instances of a distributed catalog service for respective ones of the data zones utilizing the obtained metadata. Distributed data analytics are performed in the distributed processing nodes utilizing the populated catalog instances of the distributed catalog service and the locally accessible data of the respective data zones. The metadata characterizing the locally accessible data is illustratively obtained in a metadata repository from at least one of a master data management platform and a governance, risk and compliance platform.