A secondary battery includes: a cathode; an anode including a carbon material; and non-aqueous electrolytic solution. A photoelectron spectrum of oxygen 1s is obtained from an analysis of the anode by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A first peak positioned in vicinity of 1360 reciprocal centimeters and a second peak positioned in vicinity of 1580 reciprocal centimeters are obtained from an analysis of the carbon material by Raman spectroscopy. A half band width ΔW1 of the photoelectron spectrum is about 3 electron volts or more. A half band width ΔW2 of the second peak is about 19 reciprocal centimeters or more. A ratio I1/I2 of intensity I1 of the first peak to intensity I2 of the second peak is from about 0.15 to about 0.3 both inclusive.