An optical element includes an optical surface with a random uneven shape that satisfies 0.30≤Icenter≤1.00 and 0.00≤C2nd≤0.60 where P is an average pitch, Icenter is a ratio of a component intensity sum from 0.9P to 1.1P to a component intensity sum of an entire frequency spectrum calculated with a square area in which each side is equal to or longer than 40 μm, and C2nd is a value of a second largest intensity peak in an autocorrelation function calculated with a square area in which each side is 20P.