Disclosed are a method for controlling an operation of a battery on the basis of the state thereof, and an electronic device for supporting the same. The electronic device includes: a battery connector including multiple terminals; a battery detection circuit configured to detect whether a battery is connected to the battery connector; a short-circuit detection circuit configured to detect whether a battery identification (ID) terminal among the multiple terminals is short to a ground, based at least partly on a level of a voltage measured at the battery ID terminal and a predetermined voltage level; and a processor, wherein the processor may be configured to: acquire, from the battery detection circuit, a first signal related to whether the battery is connected to the battery connector; determine whether the battery is connected to the battery connector, based at least partly on the first signal; acquire, from the short-circuit detection circuit, a second signal related to whether the battery ID terminal is short-circuited to the ground; based at least in part on the first and second signals, determining whether: the battery is not connected; the battery is properly connected; or the battery is improperly connected; and control an operation of the battery based at least partly on determining whether the battery is not connected, the battery is properly connected, or the battery is improperly connected.