Image processing systems and methods are disclosed, including an image processing system comprising a computer running image processing software causing the computer to divide an oblique aerial image into a plurality of sections having different color distributions, choose a first reference aerial image, having a consistent color distribution, for the first section, color-balance at least one pixel in the first section of the oblique aerial image, such that the first color distribution of the first section matches the consistent color distribution of the first reference aerial image, by performing color-balancing transformations for color bands for each of the at least one pixel in the first section.