A system to align codes between two coding standards, including: an expert mapping module, a syntactical mapping module, and a case-based mapping module; a module adjustment unit or system; and an alignment unit or system; where the expert mapping module collects established mappings between pairs of codes of the two coding standards from the internet and/or from machine-readable publications; the syntactical mapping module accesses the two coding standards including descriptions for each code, and to find the similarity of pairs of codes of the two coding standards using the descriptions to provide syntactical mappings; the case-based mapping module accesses existing cases that are annotated with both coding standards and to find case-based mappings between pairs of codes of the two coding standards; the module adjustment unit aggregates the mappings from the modules; and the alignment unit accepts input of codes from one of the coding standards and to use the aggregated mappings from the module adjustment unit to extract one or more suitable mappings from each input code to a code of the other coding standard.