The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for localization and mapping based on RFID, applicable for real-time mapping of an area to be localized in which at least one RFID tag is arranged, the method comprises: taking a location of a first RFID tag as a coordinate origin of a coordinate system when information of the first RFID tag is obtained by a mobile electronic device which is moving along a certain trajectory for a first time; moving the mobile electronic device with the coordinate origin as a starting point to traverse the entire area to be localized, calculating coordinates of an obstacle based on a location of the mobile electronic device when the mobile electronic device detects the obstacle; constructing a map based on the recorded information and coordinates of the RFID tags and coordinates of each obstacle when the traversal has been finished.