An augmented reality projection device includes an image sensor having a field of view into a real-world environment, a spatial sensor configured to detect a location and an orientation of the device in the environment, and a projector configured to project content onto a physical surface within the environment. The device determines the location and orientation of the device based on sensor output from the spatial sensor, and determines that a virtual target object is included within the field of view of the image sensor based on the determined location and orientation and based on a particular target object profile from a library of predetermined target object profiles. The device identifies content associated with the virtual target object and directs the projector to project the content onto the physical surface within the environment, the physical surface associated with the virtual target object. Corresponding methods and systems are also disclosed.