Provided are a video encoding method and apparatus to which an interpolation filter is applied according to characteristics of an image for motion compensation, and a video decoding method and apparatus corresponding thereto. The video encoding method according to various embodiments includes determining a degree of change between neighboring samples of at least one integer pixel unit adjacent to a reference sample of an integer pixel unit of a current sample and the reference sample; determining an interpolation filter among interpolation filters having different frequency passbands and configured to produce reference samples of a sub-pixel unit to predict the current sample, based on the degree of change; determining a predicted sample value of the current sample by using a reference sample of a sub-pixel unit produced by applying the determined interpolation filter; and encoding a residual value between the predicted sample value and a sample value of the current sample.