Provided are an optical modulation device and a method of operating the same. The optical modulation device may include a nano-antenna, a conductor, and an active layer located between the nano-antenna and the conductor. The optical modulation device may further include a first dielectric layer located between the active layer and the conductor and a second dielectric layer located between the active layer and the nano-antenna. The optical modulation device may further include a signal applying unit configured to independently apply an electrical signal to at least two of the nano-antenna, the active layer, and the conductor.