Example apparatus, systems, machine readable media, and methods are disclosed herein for transforming neuro-response data collected using a first modality and a second modality into a measure of effectiveness of an advertisement or entertainment. An example system includes an analyzer to analyze first neuro-response data gathered from a subject while exposed to an advertisement or entertainment using the first modality, the first neuro-response data including electroencephalographic data including a first frequency band and a second frequency band. The example system also includes a processor to identify a degree of phase synchrony between a first pattern of oscillation in the first frequency band and a second pattern of oscillation in the second frequency band. The processor also is to synthesize the first neuro-response data with second neuro-response data gathered from the subject while exposed to the advertisement or entertainment using the second modality by: recognizing a signature in the electroencephalographic data corresponding to an activity of the second neuro-response data; and adjusting the degree of phase synchrony based on the signature. The example system also includes an estimator to determine an effectiveness of the advertisement or entertainment based on the adjusted degree of phase synchrony.