The present invention provides a production method of copper-carbon nanofibers, which can realize oxidation-resistant characteristics and process simplification, the production method comprising the steps of: forming a metal precursor-organic nanofiber comprising a metal precursor and an organic substance; and forming a metal-carbon nanofiber by performing a selective oxidation heat treatment to the metal precursor-organic nanofiber so as to simultaneously oxidize carbon of the organic substance and reduce the metal precursor to a metal, wherein the metal has a lower oxidation resistance than the carbon; the selective oxidation heat treatment is performed through a singly heat treatment step, not a plurality of heat treatment steps; and metal-carbon nanofibers with different structures may be formed according to the amount of partial oxygen pressure under which the selective oxidation heat treatment is performed.