A system for translation from a first human language to a second language including one or more processors and one or more non-transitory memory units coupled to said one or more processors storing computer readable program instructions, wherein the computer readable program instructions configure the one or more processors to perform the steps of: receive an input representation of information in the first language, convert the input representation of information in the first language to one or more sets of one or more marked-lemma dependency trees (MDTs), convert said one or more sets of one or more marked-MDTs to a representation of information in said second language, and output said representation of information in said second language, wherein the MDTs are represented in a mathematically-equivalent or isomorphic memory structure using one of word embeddings, sense embeddings, tree kernels, capsules, pose vectors, embeddings, and vectorizations.