An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing a surface-modified molded article, whereby surface layer strength of a molded article can be enhanced, and a molded article containing an organic polymer compound with low adhesive property, such as a fluororesin, can be bonded to an adherend without the use of an adhesive, and whereby a treatment step or an apparatus in an atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment are not complicated, and to provide a process for producing a composite of the surface-modified molded article and an adherend. The present invention is a process for producing a surface-modified molded article wherein a surface of the molded article containing an organic polymer compound is subjected to an atmospheric pressure plasma treatment to introduce a peroxide radical with adjusting the surface temperature of the molded article to (melting point of the organic polymer compound −120° C. or higher.