Computer-implemented methods, computer systems, and computer readable media for determining a set of vehicle identifiers. The method includes receiving data, converting the received data to a binary target identifier, comparing the binary target identifier to a domain of binary vehicle identifiers stored in the database, and determining a set of binary vehicle identifiers of the domain of binary vehicle identifiers that correspond to the binary target identifier. The systems include a memory storing instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to perform operations.