Embodiments of the present application provide a method for transmitting a pilot signal, a method for receiving a pilot signal, a base station, and a user equipment. The method for transmitting the pilot signal includes: determining a physical resource block pair which is used for carrying a user-dedicated pilot signal, where first five orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in a first time slot of the physical resource block pair include all resource elements used for carrying the user-dedicated pilot signal; and transmitting the physical resource block pair which is used for carrying the user-dedicated pilot signal. The method for transmitting the pilot signal, the method for receiving the pilot signal, the base station, and the user equipment according to embodiments of the present application can improve communication data demodulation performance of a user equipment.