Systems and methods including one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having computing instructions that are configured to run on the one or more processors and perform acts of receiving a test set comprising potential candidate items for substitution for a target item, determining association scores for each of the potential candidate items in the test set, determining one or more semantic similarity features of the potential candidate items in the test set, determining one or more image similarity features of the potential candidate items in the test set, and creating a substitutive probability model by determining a relative contribution of each of the association scores, the semantic similarity features and the image similarity features to a substitutive probability for the potential candidate items in the test set, with reference to a baseline set of the potential candidate items. Additional embodiments are disclosed herein.