An exemplary speech presentation system receives a simulated binaural audio signal associated with a media player device that is presenting an artificial reality world to a user. The simulated binaural audio signal is representative of a simulation of sound propagating to an avatar representing the user within the artificial reality world. The speech presentation system further receives acoustic propagation data representative of an aspect affecting propagation of sound to the avatar within the artificial reality world. Based on the acoustic propagation data, the speech presentation system extracts an auto-transcribable speech signal from the simulated binaural audio signal. The auto-transcribable speech signal is representative of speech originating from a speaker within the artificial reality world. Based on the auto-transcribable speech signal, the speech presentation system generates a closed captioning dataset representative of the speech and provides the dataset to the media player device. Corresponding methods and systems are also disclosed.