Disclosed is a microfluidic system based on an artificially structured acoustic field, comprising a microcavity used to accommodate a solution containing particles and a ultrasonic emission device used to emit ultrasound, and further comprising a phononic crystal plate placed in the microcavity. The phononic crystal plate has an artificial cycle structure, and is used to modulate the acoustic field so as to control the particles. Also disclosed is a method of controlling microfluid particles based on an artificially structured acoustic field. In the particular embodiments, since a microcavity, an ultrasonic emission device and a phononic crystal plate are comprised, the ultrasonic emission device is used to emit ultrasound, and the phononic crystal plate has an artificial cycle structure, and is used to modulate the acoustic field so as to control the particles.