Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for determining risk preference are provided. One of the methods includes: obtaining user data generated during a risk-related transaction of a user; determining a characteristic value of the user under each variable in a plurality of variables according to the user data, the plurality of variables comprising at least one variable affecting a risk preference of the user; and inputting the characteristic value of the user under each variable into a risk preference model to determine an output of the risk preference model as a risk preference index indicating a level of the risk preference of the user.