A waveform matching based optical digital signal receiving device sequentially comprises an optical arbitrary waveform generator unit, an electro-optic modulator unit, an opto-electric converter unit, an electric filter unit, a sampling and judging module, a digital signal processing unit and a bit-timing extracting module. Accordingly, signal matched filtering, sampling and judgment can be effectively carried out in the optical domain, and the influence of noises on signal reception can be eliminated to the maximum extent, thereby achieving accurate detection and reception of signals. Meanwhile, compared with a conventional electric receiving device, the digital signal receiving device provided by the present invention breaks the limitation of “electronic bottleneck,” and greatly improves the bandwidth of signal reception, which allows digital signal reception at a higher speed.