This rapid-hardening cement composition includes: a rapid-hardening admixture; and cement in an amount of 100 parts by mass to 2,000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the rapid-hardening admixture, wherein the rapid-hardening admixture is a composition that contains: calcium aluminate; inorganic sulfate in an amount of 50 parts by mass to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the calcium aluminate; and a setting modifier in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the calcium aluminate, and an average particle diameter of the calcium aluminate is in a range of 8 μm to 100 μm, and an average particle diameter of the setting modifier is in a range of 5 μm or less.