The present disclosure provides a PCBA detection method and a system based on 3D AOI and AXI. The method includes: preconfiguring graphical data in a part physical database; obtaining CAD data related to a PCB based on design data input from PCB design software; converting the generated CAD data, and generating 3D basic graphical data to generate a 3D physical model; extracting BOM information from the design data, searching the part physical database for matched graphical data based on the BOM information, if the matched graphical data is found, generating a 3D physical model based on the graphical data; if the matched graphical data is not found, generating corresponding image data based on obtained created data, to generate a 3D physical model; and generating standard 3D detection prototype data, outputting the standard 3D detection prototype data to 3D AOI and AXI for detection.