An ophthalmological teaching aid includes a shell having an outer surface, an interior, a student region with a viewing window, and an observation target in the interior of the shell. The observation target is positioned to be visible to a viewer looking through the viewing window and has at least one feature residing at a feature location. The teaching aid also includes an instructor region spatially corresponding to at least a portion of the observation target. The teaching aid includes a landmark corresponding to the feature location. The presence of the landmark enables the instructor to assess a student's skill in using an ophthalmoscope.