Helmets and helmet lighting systems for use in demanding environments, such as fire, rescue, police and military applications. The helmets and systems provide one or more of high levels of light emission, long operational life, waterproofing/ability to operate in wet or submerged environments and relatively low weight. In some configurations, a helmet comprises a lighting system including an exterior layer and an interior layer applied to a shell of the helmet. In some configurations, a lighting module having an internal layer and an exterior layer is attached to an underlying helmet. In some configurations, a lighting system includes pods and/or strips containing a source of light. The pods or strips can be attached to an underlying helmet.