A solid-state battery includes an anode current collector and an anode layer on the anode current collector. The anode layer comprises anode active material composed of anode active particles each encapsulated in a solid ion conductor. The solid-state battery also includes a cathode current collector and a cathode layer on the cathode current collector. The cathode layer comprises cathode active material composed of cathode active particles each encapsulated in the solid ion conductor. A solid electrolyte structure separating the anode layer and the cathode layer has anode-side columns and cathode-side columns aligning parallel to a stacking axis of the solid-state battery, the anode-side columns extending into the anode layer and the cathode-side columns extending into the cathode layer.