Disclosed is a portable X-ray generation device, which uses an electric field emission-type X-ray source, and is thus advantageous in reducing weight and volume and has excellent reliability in X-ray emission performance. The portable X-ray generation device according to the present invention comprises: an electric field emission X-ray source, which includes a cathode electrode having an electron emission source, an anode electrode having an X-ray target surface, and a gate electrode between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode; an X-ray emission cone, which has a cone shape having an increasing diameter toward the front thereof, is disposed in front of an X-ray emission point of the electric field emission X-ray source, and controls an emitted X-ray in the form of an X-ray beam having a predetermined angle range; and a driving signal generation unit for generating at least three driving signals applied to the cathode electrode, the anode electrode, and the gate electrode, respectively, by a direct current power source having a predetermined voltage, wherein the entire weight of the device is 0.8 kg to 3 kg, and the X-ray emission output thereof can be implemented to be 120 W to 300 W.