The present disclosure provides a display substrate, which includes a base substrate and a light emitting element layer, which is on a side of the base substrate and includes a pixel defining layer and a plurality of light emitting elements. The pixel defining layer includes a plurality of pixel openings and a plurality of light transmission holes, and the plurality of light emitting elements are in the plurality of pixel openings, respectively. Each of the plurality of light transmission holes penetrates through the pixel defining layer in a thickness direction of the pixel defining layer. Portions of the pixel defining layer not provided with the plurality of pixel openings or the plurality of light transmission holes are opaque light shields, and a portion of the display substrate overlapping each of the plurality of light transmission holes in the thickness direction is light transmissive.