The present disclosure provides a device and a method for an anchor bolt (cable) supporting structure test and an anchoring system performance comprehensive experiment, and relates to the technical field of anchoring tests. The device includes a gantry, a loading mechanism, a test mechanism and a test piece, wherein the gantry includes a base and an operation platform; the loading mechanism includes a loading frame, a chuck, a surrounding rock force loading oil cylinder and a hollow drawing oil cylinder; the test mechanism includes a load, a displacement and an acoustic emission and other monitoring mechanisms, and the test piece includes a rock test piece, an anchor bolt (cable), an anchor net, and the like; the loading mechanism and the hollow drawing oil cylinder are disposed on the base, and a torsion motor and an anchor bolt drill are disposed on the operation platform, wherein the rock test piece is placed between bearing plates, one end of the anchor bolt (cable) is fixed by the chuck or anchored into the rock test piece, and the other end of the anchor bolt (cable) passes through the hollow drawing oil cylinder. The device is capable of not only testing mechanical properties of the anchor bolt (cable) and an anchoring member, but also realizing simulation of a stress environment of “five sides loaded and one side non-loaded” so as to perform a surrounding rock drilling response or anchoring system performance comprehensive experiment.