A fire detection system includes: a transmitter to output a first optical signal including a wavelength absorbed by a first gas generated in an early stage of a fire and a second optical signal including a wavelength absorbed by a second gas having an amount of generation being increased as the fire progresses; and a receiver including a detector to receive the first optical signal and the second optical signal propagating through a measuring target space, a first gas concentration calculator to calculate a concentration of the first gas, a second gas concentration calculator to calculate a concentration of the second gas, a smoke concentration calculator to calculate a smoke concentration, and a determination unit to determine progress of the fire, based on the concentration of the first gas, the concentration of the second gas, the smoke concentration, and an environmental temperature.