A composition comprising: a plurality of quantum dots; a plurality of luminous carbon nanoparticles; a carboxylic acid group-containing binder; a polymerizable monomer including a carbon-carbon double bond; and an initiator, wherein the plurality of quantum dots comprises a Group II-VI compound, a Group III-V compound, a Group IV-VI compound, or a combination thereof, the plurality of luminous carbon nanoparticles have a size of less than or equal to about 10 nanometers, and exhibit both a D band and a G band in a Raman spectrum thereof, and at least a portion of the plurality of luminous carbon nanoparticles absorb light having a wavelength of greater than or equal to about 400 nanometers and a maximum luminous peak wavelength thereof is greater than or equal to about 480 nanometers.