A method of uploading blockchain data includes: a sub-institution node group receiving a data upload request sent by a sub-institution; the sub-institution node group looking up a node in an idle state according to the data upload request; the sub-institution node group receiving data uploaded by the sub-institution through the node in the idle state and uploading the received data to a blockchain temporary storage area; and the master institution node of the master institution corresponding to the sub-institution downloading the data uploaded by the sub-institution from the temporary storage area, and then uploading the downloaded data to a blockchain data storage area.