A permanent magnet comprises crystal grains each including a main phase. An average size of the crystal grains is 1.0 μm or less, and a degree of orientation of easy magnetization axes of the crystal grains to an easy magnetization axis of the magnet is 15% or more and 90% or less. A recoil magnetic permeability is 1.13 or more, a residual magnetization is 0.8 T or more and less than 1.16 T, and an intrinsic coercive force is 850 kA/m or more.