Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for determining voice characteristics are provided. One of the methods includes: obtaining speech data of a speaker; inputting the speech data into a model trained at least by jointly minimizing a first loss function and a second loss function, wherein the first loss function comprises a non-sampling-based loss function and the second loss function comprises a Gaussian mixture loss function with non-unit multi-variant covariance matrix; and obtaining from the trained model one or more voice characteristics of the speaker.