In one aspect, an aspiration system for a work vehicle includes an exhaust tube extending along a flow direction and an aspiration tube in flow communication with the exhaust tube at an aspiration zone of the exhaust tube such that the aspiration tube is configured to receive an aspirated airflow. The system also includes an airflow area modifier provided in operative association with the aspiration zone and actuatable to adjust a cross-sectional flow area of the exhaust tube within the aspiration zone. The system includes an actuator provided in operative association with the airflow area modifier such that the actuator is configured to alter an orientation of the airflow area modifier such that the cross-sectional flow area of the exhaust tube within the aspiration zone is adjusted.