Provided are a developing roller which includes a shaft, and a base layer and a surface layer sequentially formed on an outer peripheral portion of the shaft in a radial direction, where 1) a low-resilience layer is disposed between the base layer and the surface layer, 2) the low-resilience layer has a loss tangent tan δ value that is larger than a loss tangent tan δ value of any of the base layer and the surface layer when measured under conditions of a temperature of 23° C., an amplitude of ±20 μm, and a frequency of 6 Hz, and 3) the developing roller has an Asker C hardness and thickness value of 500 or less, which is defined by the following formula (1): Asker C hardness and thickness value of the developing roller=Asker C hardness of the developing roller×(thickness of the developing roller+6)  (1).