Disclosed are an acceleration control system based on a binarization algorithm, a chip, and a robot, which is configured to read and write an external image memory by means of an AHB bus. The acceleration control system includes a main control module, a binarization module, and a binarization FIFO module, and the main control module is configured to control the AHB bus to read pixel data to be processed in the image memory and control current pixel data in the AHB bus to be burst-transmitted to the binarization module for processing when a main state machine is in a burst read mode state, and meanwhile control the binarization FIFO module to read binarized data obtained and when all of the pixel data stored in the image memory is processed, and it is notified to send an interrupt instruction to a CPU.